Inglese B1
Report completo per il livello B1 del QCER richiesto dal bando funzionari 1340: tempi verbali perfetti, conditionals, passive, reported speech, modal verbs, phrasal verbs, vocabulary professionale PA, reading comprehension e trabocchetti tipici Formez.
1 Panoramica e strategia d'esame B1
Il bando RIPAM 1340 (art. 6) richiede la conoscenza dell'inglese al livello B1 del QCER per tutti i profili (AMM, ECO, INF, COM, STA). Il salto rispetto all'A2 (RIPAM 3997) è significativo: si passa da "comunicare in situazioni semplici e routinarie" a "comprendere i punti chiave di testi articolati, esprimersi su argomenti familiari, descrivere esperienze, opinioni, progetti".
Distribuzione tipica dei quesiti B1 nei concorsi pubblici (proiezione su quiz Formez 1340 e simili):
| Area | Peso | Cosa cambia rispetto ad A2 |
|---|---|---|
| Grammar avanzata | 50% | Perfect tenses (present/past), conditionals (0-1-2-3), passive voice, reported speech |
| Modal verbs e phrasal verbs | 20% | Modali per certezza/probabilità (must/might/can't), phrasal verbs frequenti |
| Vocabulary B1 | 20% | Lessico ufficio/PA, collocations, formal vs informal register |
| Reading comprehension | 10% | Testi 200-300 parole con inferenza, non solo letterale |
Strategia: il B1 si gioca sulla discriminazione fine fra tempi verbali (Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Past Perfect) e sulla sfumatura modale (must/should/might). I distrattori dei quiz Formez sono costruiti su queste minime differenze. Riconoscere i time markers (already, yet, since, for, by, when, while) è la chiave per dimezzare il tempo di risposta.
2 Tempi verbali B1: Perfect tenses
Present Perfect Simple
Forma: have/has + past participle. Uso: azioni iniziate nel passato che continuano nel presente, esperienze di vita, azioni recenti con risultati visibili nel presente.
- Time markers: just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, so far, up to now, since, for
- "I have lived in Rome for ten years" (vivo ancora)
- "She has just finished the report" (ora pronto)
- "Have you ever been to London?" (esperienza di vita)
Present Perfect Continuous
Forma: have/has been + verb-ing. Uso: enfasi sulla durata di un'azione iniziata nel passato e ancora in corso (o appena terminata con effetti visibili).
- "I have been working here since 2020" (lavoro ancora qui, focus sulla durata)
- "It has been raining all morning" (piove ancora o appena smesso)
Past Perfect Simple
Forma: had + past participle. Uso: azione passata avvenuta prima di un'altra azione passata (trapassato).
- "When I arrived, the meeting had already started" (la riunione era già iniziata prima del mio arrivo)
- Time markers: before, after, by the time, when, already, just, never
Past Perfect Continuous
Forma: had been + verb-ing. Uso: durata di un'azione fino a un punto del passato.
- "She had been waiting for two hours when he finally called"
Future forms B1
Will: decisioni spontanee, previsioni, promesse. Be going to: intenzioni, evidenze nel presente. Present continuous: arrangements (con orario/luogo). Future continuous (will be + ing): azione in corso in un momento futuro. Future perfect (will have + past participle): azione completata by un momento futuro.
- "I will help you" (decisione ora) vs "I am going to visit Paris next month" (piano già fatto)
- "By 2030, the company will have hired 500 people"
3 Conditionals (0, 1, 2, 3 + mixed)
| Tipo | If-clause | Main clause | Uso |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | If + present simple | present simple | Verità generali, leggi scientifiche |
| First | If + present simple | will + base form | Situazione futura reale e probabile |
| Second | If + past simple | would + base form | Situazione presente/futura irreale o improbabile |
| Third | If + past perfect | would have + past participle | Situazione passata irreale (rimpianto) |
Esempi
- 0: "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils."
- 1: "If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home."
- 2: "If I were rich, I would buy a house." (NB: were per tutte le persone in inglese formale)
- 3: "If she had studied harder, she would have passed."
- Mixed: "If I had taken that job (past), I would be rich now (present)."
Wish / If only
- "I wish I were taller" (desiderio presente irreale → past simple)
- "I wish I had studied more" (rimpianto passato → past perfect)
- "I wish you would stop smoking" (richiesta di cambiamento → would)
4 Passive voice e Reported speech
Passive Voice
Formula: subject + to be (al tempo richiesto) + past participle (+ by + agent). Si usa quando l'agente è sconosciuto, irrilevante, o si vuole enfatizzare l'oggetto dell'azione (tipico nei testi formali e PA).
| Tense | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present simple | They publish the report | The report is published |
| Present continuous | They are publishing it | It is being published |
| Past simple | They published it | It was published |
| Present perfect | They have published it | It has been published |
| Future simple | They will publish it | It will be published |
| Modal | They must publish it | It must be published |
Get-passive (informale): "He got fired" = he was fired.
Reported Speech (discorso indiretto)
Backshift: quando il reporting verb è al passato (said, told), i tempi del discorso diretto retrocedono di un passo.
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| Present simple → | Past simple |
| Present continuous → | Past continuous |
| Past simple → | Past perfect |
| Present perfect → | Past perfect |
| Will → | Would |
| Can → | Could |
| Must → | Had to |
- Tell richiede oggetto: "He told me that..."
- Say non richiede oggetto: "He said that..."
- Time/place markers: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the day before, here → there, this → that
Reported questions: si usa l'ordine affermativo (no inversione) e if/whether per yes-no questions: "He asked if I was tired" (NON "if was I tired").
5 Modal verbs (B1)
Obbligo, divieto, necessità
- Must: obbligo forte (interno o esterno). "You must wear a helmet."
- Have to: obbligo esterno (regole). "I have to work tomorrow."
- Mustn't: divieto. "You mustn't smoke here."
- Don't have to: assenza di obbligo (≠ divieto!). "You don't have to come" = non sei obbligato.
- Should / ought to: consiglio. "You should see a doctor."
- Need to: necessità. "I need to finish this."
Capacità e permesso
- Can / could: capacità (presente/passato), permesso informale
- May / might: permesso formale (may), possibilità (might)
- Be able to: capacità (tutti i tempi). "I was able to finish on time." (riuscire a, in passato puntuale)
Probabilità e deduzione
| Modal | Probabilità | Esempio |
|---|---|---|
| Must | ~95% (deduzione logica) | "He must be tired" (è sicuramente) |
| Should | ~75% (aspettativa) | "It should arrive tomorrow" |
| May / might / could | ~50% (possibilità) | "It might rain" |
| Can't | ~95% impossibilità | "He can't be at home" (impossibile) |
Modal perfect (deduzione su passato)
- Must have + past participle: deduzione sicura passata. "She must have left."
- Might/may have + past participle: possibilità passata. "He might have forgotten."
- Should have + past participle: rimpianto/critica. "You should have called me."
- Can't have + past participle: impossibilità passata. "She can't have known."
6 Phrasal verbs e collocations frequenti
Phrasal verbs business/PA (top 25)
| Phrasal verb | Significato | Esempio |
|---|---|---|
| carry out | eseguire, condurre | carry out a study |
| set up | fondare, organizzare | set up a meeting |
| look into | investigare | look into the matter |
| deal with | occuparsi di, gestire | deal with complaints |
| take over | subentrare, acquisire | take over the project |
| put off | rinviare | put off the meeting |
| call off | annullare | call off the strike |
| turn down | rifiutare | turn down an offer |
| fill in / fill out | compilare | fill in the form |
| hand in | consegnare | hand in your report |
| find out | scoprire | find out the truth |
| point out | far notare | point out an error |
| bring up | sollevare (un tema) | bring up an issue |
| break down | guastarsi, scomporre | the system broke down |
| come up with | proporre, ideare | come up with a solution |
| get on with | andare d'accordo / proseguire | get on with colleagues |
| look forward to | non vedere l'ora (+ ing!) | look forward to hearing |
| run out of | esaurire | run out of time |
| stand for | significare (sigle) | EU stands for... |
| back up | supportare, fare backup | back up your data |
| cut down on | ridurre | cut down on costs |
| look up | cercare (informazione) | look up a word |
| take on | assumersi (responsabilità) | take on a new role |
| work out | risolvere, calcolare | work out the budget |
| sort out | sistemare, risolvere | sort out the problem |
Collocations PA frequenti
- make a decision / a complaint / an effort / a mistake / progress
- do business / research / a favour / your best / homework
- take action / responsibility / part / a decision / a break
- have a meeting / a conversation / an effect / access / experience
- give advice / a presentation / permission / priority / notice
- raise awareness / concerns / questions / issues
7 Vocabulary professionale e PA
Lessico amministrazione pubblica
| EN | IT |
|---|---|
| civil servant / public official | dipendente pubblico, funzionario |
| public administration | pubblica amministrazione |
| government agency / authority | ente pubblico |
| regulation / regulatory framework | regolamento / quadro normativo |
| procurement / public procurement | contratti pubblici / appalti |
| tender (call for tender) | gara d'appalto |
| award (a contract) | aggiudicare (un contratto) |
| compliance | conformità (normativa) |
| audit | verifica, ispezione contabile |
| budget | bilancio |
| expenditure / spending | spesa |
| revenue | entrate |
| tax / taxation / taxpayer | tassa / tassazione / contribuente |
| stakeholder | portatore di interesse |
| policy | politica (di settore), linea strategica |
| guidelines | linee guida |
| statement | dichiarazione |
| deadline | scadenza |
| application / applicant | domanda / candidato |
| shortlist | rosa di selezionati |
| appointment | nomina; appuntamento |
| dismissal | licenziamento |
| whistleblower | segnalante (anticorruzione) |
| data subject / data controller / data processor | interessato / titolare / responsabile (GDPR) |
| infringement | violazione (normativa) |
Formal vs informal register
| Informal | Formal (B1+ scrittura PA) |
|---|---|
| get | receive, obtain |
| buy | purchase |
| start | commence, begin |
| end / finish | conclude, terminate |
| tell | inform, notify |
| ask | request, enquire |
| show | demonstrate, indicate |
| need | require |
| help | assist |
| about | regarding, concerning |
| but | however, nevertheless |
| so | therefore, consequently |
8 False friends e common mistakes B1
False friends classici
| EN | NON significa | Significa |
|---|---|---|
| actually | attualmente | in realtà |
| currently | correttamente | attualmente |
| eventually | eventualmente | alla fine |
| library | libreria (negozio) | biblioteca |
| bookshop | biblioteca | libreria (negozio) |
| argument | argomento (tema) | litigio, discussione |
| pretend | pretendere | fingere |
| sympathetic | simpatico | comprensivo, empatico |
| sensible | sensibile | sensato, ragionevole |
| educated | educato | istruito, colto |
| polite | politico | educato, cortese |
| factory | fattoria | fabbrica |
| parents | parenti | genitori |
| relatives | relativi | parenti |
| magazine | magazzino | rivista |
| delusion | delusione | illusione, falsa convinzione |
| annoy | annoiare | infastidire |
| attend | attendere | partecipare a, frequentare |
| resume (verb) | riassumere | riprendere |
| ultimate | ultimo (in tempo) | definitivo, supremo |
Errori grammaticali tipici dell'italofono B1
- Information / advice / news / furniture sono uncountable: "an information" ❌ → "a piece of information" ✅
- People è plurale: "people are" ✅, NON "people is"
- Since vs For: since + punto temporale (since 2020); for + durata (for 5 years)
- Make vs Do: make a decision (creare, produrre); do homework (eseguire un'attività)
- To + verbo dopo: want, decide, hope, plan, expect, agree, refuse. -ing dopo: enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, avoid, look forward to
- Will dopo "if/when" non si usa: "If it will rain" ❌ → "If it rains" ✅
- I look forward to hearing from you (NON "to hear" — to qui è preposizione)
9 Reading comprehension B1 — strategie
I testi del livello B1 al concorso sono in genere e-mail formali, avvisi istituzionali, brevi articoli o regolamenti (200-300 parole). Le domande mirano a tre livelli:
- Comprensione letterale ("What time does the meeting start?") — facile, info esplicita
- Comprensione inferenziale ("What does the writer suggest?") — l'inferenza richiede di leggere fra le righe, è il vero salto B1
- Vocabulary in context ("What does the word X mean in this context?") — sinonimi, polisemia
Strategia in 5 passi
- Skim: lettura rapida (30 sec) per captare argomento generale, tono, struttura
- Leggi le domande: fissa cosa cercare
- Scan: lettura mirata per trovare le risposte (parole chiave)
- Ricontrolla il paragrafo specifico — non rispondere mai "a memoria"
- Distrattori: i distrattori riprendono parole del testo ma cambiano la relazione logica (causa/effetto invertita, negazione, sfumatura quantitativa)
Connettori da riconoscere (segnali logici)
- Addizione: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides
- Contrasto: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, despite, in spite of, whereas
- Causa/effetto: therefore, consequently, as a result, due to, owing to, because of
- Esemplificazione: for instance, for example, such as, namely
- Conclusione: in conclusion, to sum up, overall, all in all
- Sequenza: firstly, then, afterwards, finally, meanwhile
Particolare attenzione a despite / in spite of (seguiti da sostantivo o gerundio: despite the rain / despite raining) vs although / even though (seguiti da frase: although it was raining).
10 25 regole chiave da ricordare
| # | Regola | Esempio / Pattern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Present Perfect = since/for/just/already/yet/ever/never | I have lived here for 5 years |
| 2 | Past Simple = yesterday/ago/last/in 1990 | I went there yesterday |
| 3 | Past Perfect per azione anteriore al passato | When I arrived, he had left |
| 4 | 1st Conditional: If + present, will + verb | If it rains, I will stay |
| 5 | 2nd Conditional: If + past, would + verb | If I were rich, I would travel |
| 6 | 3rd Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + pp | If I had known, I would have come |
| 7 | Wish + past simple = desiderio presente | I wish I had a car |
| 8 | Wish + past perfect = rimpianto passato | I wish I had studied |
| 9 | Passive: subject + be + past participle | The report is written |
| 10 | Reported: backshift + no inversion in questions | He asked if I was tired |
| 11 | Must = obbligo / Mustn't = divieto | You must / mustn't |
| 12 | Don't have to ≠ Mustn't | Don't have to = non obbligato |
| 13 | Must have + pp = deduzione passata | She must have left |
| 14 | Should have + pp = rimpianto/critica | You should have called |
| 15 | Can't have + pp = impossibilità passata | He can't have known |
| 16 | Look forward to + ING (mai infinito) | Look forward to hearing |
| 17 | Despite/In spite of + noun/ING | Despite the rain |
| 18 | Although/Even though + clause | Although it was raining |
| 19 | If + clause: NO will/would dopo if | If it rains (not "will rain") |
| 20 | People è plurale: people are | NON "people is" |
| 21 | Information/advice/news = uncountable | Some information (no "an") |
| 22 | Since + punto / For + durata | Since 2020 / For 5 years |
| 23 | Used to + base form = abitudine passata | I used to smoke |
| 24 | Be used to + ING = essere abituato a | I am used to working late |
| 25 | Get used to + ING = abituarsi | I'm getting used to it |
11 15 trabocchetti d'esame B1
| # | Trabocchetto | Risposta corretta |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | "I have seen him yesterday" | FALSO — yesterday richiede Past Simple: "I saw him yesterday" |
| 2 | "If I will have time, I will call you" | FALSO — dopo if niente will: "If I have time..." |
| 3 | "He suggested to go" | FALSO — suggest + ING: "suggested going" |
| 4 | "You don't have to smoke here" = vietato | FALSO — significa "non sei obbligato". Vietato = mustn't |
| 5 | "I look forward to hear from you" | FALSO — to qui è preposizione: "to hearing" |
| 6 | "Despite it was raining" | FALSO — despite + nome/ING: "Although it was raining" oppure "Despite the rain" |
| 7 | "People is waiting" | FALSO — people è plurale: "people are waiting" |
| 8 | "I have lived here since 5 years" | FALSO — durata = for: "for 5 years" / "since 2020" |
| 9 | "He told that he was tired" | FALSO — tell richiede oggetto: "told me that..." o "said that" |
| 10 | "An information" | FALSO — uncountable: "a piece of information" / "some information" |
| 11 | "I'm used to wake up early" | FALSO — be used to + ING: "used to waking up" |
| 12 | "I wish I have more time" | FALSO — wish + past simple: "I wish I had more time" |
| 13 | "He asked was I tired" | FALSO — reported question senza inversione: "asked if I was tired" |
| 14 | "Actually, I am working" = al momento | FALSO — actually = in realtà. Al momento = currently / at the moment |
| 15 | "I must work yesterday" = obbligo passato | FALSO — must non ha passato: "I had to work yesterday" |