RIPAM 3997

Bando RIPAM 1340 — Funzionari (tutti i profili)v1.0 - 06/05/2026

Inglese B1

Report completo per il livello B1 del QCER richiesto dal bando funzionari 1340: tempi verbali perfetti, conditionals, passive, reported speech, modal verbs, phrasal verbs, vocabulary professionale PA, reading comprehension e trabocchetti tipici Formez.

1 Panoramica e strategia d'esame B1

Il bando RIPAM 1340 (art. 6) richiede la conoscenza dell'inglese al livello B1 del QCER per tutti i profili (AMM, ECO, INF, COM, STA). Il salto rispetto all'A2 (RIPAM 3997) è significativo: si passa da "comunicare in situazioni semplici e routinarie" a "comprendere i punti chiave di testi articolati, esprimersi su argomenti familiari, descrivere esperienze, opinioni, progetti".

Distribuzione tipica dei quesiti B1 nei concorsi pubblici (proiezione su quiz Formez 1340 e simili):

AreaPesoCosa cambia rispetto ad A2
Grammar avanzata50%Perfect tenses (present/past), conditionals (0-1-2-3), passive voice, reported speech
Modal verbs e phrasal verbs20%Modali per certezza/probabilità (must/might/can't), phrasal verbs frequenti
Vocabulary B120%Lessico ufficio/PA, collocations, formal vs informal register
Reading comprehension10%Testi 200-300 parole con inferenza, non solo letterale

Strategia: il B1 si gioca sulla discriminazione fine fra tempi verbali (Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Past Perfect) e sulla sfumatura modale (must/should/might). I distrattori dei quiz Formez sono costruiti su queste minime differenze. Riconoscere i time markers (already, yet, since, for, by, when, while) è la chiave per dimezzare il tempo di risposta.

2 Tempi verbali B1: Perfect tenses

Present Perfect Simple

Forma: have/has + past participle. Uso: azioni iniziate nel passato che continuano nel presente, esperienze di vita, azioni recenti con risultati visibili nel presente.

  • Time markers: just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, so far, up to now, since, for
  • "I have lived in Rome for ten years" (vivo ancora)
  • "She has just finished the report" (ora pronto)
  • "Have you ever been to London?" (esperienza di vita)

Present Perfect Continuous

Forma: have/has been + verb-ing. Uso: enfasi sulla durata di un'azione iniziata nel passato e ancora in corso (o appena terminata con effetti visibili).

  • "I have been working here since 2020" (lavoro ancora qui, focus sulla durata)
  • "It has been raining all morning" (piove ancora o appena smesso)

Past Perfect Simple

Forma: had + past participle. Uso: azione passata avvenuta prima di un'altra azione passata (trapassato).

  • "When I arrived, the meeting had already started" (la riunione era già iniziata prima del mio arrivo)
  • Time markers: before, after, by the time, when, already, just, never

Past Perfect Continuous

Forma: had been + verb-ing. Uso: durata di un'azione fino a un punto del passato.

  • "She had been waiting for two hours when he finally called"

Future forms B1

Will: decisioni spontanee, previsioni, promesse. Be going to: intenzioni, evidenze nel presente. Present continuous: arrangements (con orario/luogo). Future continuous (will be + ing): azione in corso in un momento futuro. Future perfect (will have + past participle): azione completata by un momento futuro.

  • "I will help you" (decisione ora) vs "I am going to visit Paris next month" (piano già fatto)
  • "By 2030, the company will have hired 500 people"

3 Conditionals (0, 1, 2, 3 + mixed)

TipoIf-clauseMain clauseUso
ZeroIf + present simplepresent simpleVerità generali, leggi scientifiche
FirstIf + present simplewill + base formSituazione futura reale e probabile
SecondIf + past simplewould + base formSituazione presente/futura irreale o improbabile
ThirdIf + past perfectwould have + past participleSituazione passata irreale (rimpianto)

Esempi

  • 0: "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils."
  • 1: "If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home."
  • 2: "If I were rich, I would buy a house." (NB: were per tutte le persone in inglese formale)
  • 3: "If she had studied harder, she would have passed."
  • Mixed: "If I had taken that job (past), I would be rich now (present)."

Wish / If only

  • "I wish I were taller" (desiderio presente irreale → past simple)
  • "I wish I had studied more" (rimpianto passato → past perfect)
  • "I wish you would stop smoking" (richiesta di cambiamento → would)

4 Passive voice e Reported speech

Passive Voice

Formula: subject + to be (al tempo richiesto) + past participle (+ by + agent). Si usa quando l'agente è sconosciuto, irrilevante, o si vuole enfatizzare l'oggetto dell'azione (tipico nei testi formali e PA).

TenseActivePassive
Present simpleThey publish the reportThe report is published
Present continuousThey are publishing itIt is being published
Past simpleThey published itIt was published
Present perfectThey have published itIt has been published
Future simpleThey will publish itIt will be published
ModalThey must publish itIt must be published

Get-passive (informale): "He got fired" = he was fired.

Reported Speech (discorso indiretto)

Backshift: quando il reporting verb è al passato (said, told), i tempi del discorso diretto retrocedono di un passo.

DirectReported
Present simple → Past simple
Present continuous → Past continuous
Past simple → Past perfect
Present perfect → Past perfect
Will → Would
Can → Could
Must → Had to
  • Tell richiede oggetto: "He told me that..."
  • Say non richiede oggetto: "He said that..."
  • Time/place markers: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the day before, here → there, this → that

Reported questions: si usa l'ordine affermativo (no inversione) e if/whether per yes-no questions: "He asked if I was tired" (NON "if was I tired").

5 Modal verbs (B1)

Obbligo, divieto, necessità

  • Must: obbligo forte (interno o esterno). "You must wear a helmet."
  • Have to: obbligo esterno (regole). "I have to work tomorrow."
  • Mustn't: divieto. "You mustn't smoke here."
  • Don't have to: assenza di obbligo (≠ divieto!). "You don't have to come" = non sei obbligato.
  • Should / ought to: consiglio. "You should see a doctor."
  • Need to: necessità. "I need to finish this."

Capacità e permesso

  • Can / could: capacità (presente/passato), permesso informale
  • May / might: permesso formale (may), possibilità (might)
  • Be able to: capacità (tutti i tempi). "I was able to finish on time." (riuscire a, in passato puntuale)

Probabilità e deduzione

ModalProbabilitàEsempio
Must~95% (deduzione logica)"He must be tired" (è sicuramente)
Should~75% (aspettativa)"It should arrive tomorrow"
May / might / could~50% (possibilità)"It might rain"
Can't~95% impossibilità"He can't be at home" (impossibile)

Modal perfect (deduzione su passato)

  • Must have + past participle: deduzione sicura passata. "She must have left."
  • Might/may have + past participle: possibilità passata. "He might have forgotten."
  • Should have + past participle: rimpianto/critica. "You should have called me."
  • Can't have + past participle: impossibilità passata. "She can't have known."

6 Phrasal verbs e collocations frequenti

Phrasal verbs business/PA (top 25)

Phrasal verbSignificatoEsempio
carry outeseguire, condurrecarry out a study
set upfondare, organizzareset up a meeting
look intoinvestigarelook into the matter
deal withoccuparsi di, gestiredeal with complaints
take oversubentrare, acquisiretake over the project
put offrinviareput off the meeting
call offannullarecall off the strike
turn downrifiutareturn down an offer
fill in / fill outcompilarefill in the form
hand inconsegnarehand in your report
find outscoprirefind out the truth
point outfar notarepoint out an error
bring upsollevare (un tema)bring up an issue
break downguastarsi, scomporrethe system broke down
come up withproporre, idearecome up with a solution
get on withandare d'accordo / proseguireget on with colleagues
look forward tonon vedere l'ora (+ ing!)look forward to hearing
run out ofesaurirerun out of time
stand forsignificare (sigle)EU stands for...
back upsupportare, fare backupback up your data
cut down onridurrecut down on costs
look upcercare (informazione)look up a word
take onassumersi (responsabilità)take on a new role
work outrisolvere, calcolarework out the budget
sort outsistemare, risolveresort out the problem

Collocations PA frequenti

  • make a decision / a complaint / an effort / a mistake / progress
  • do business / research / a favour / your best / homework
  • take action / responsibility / part / a decision / a break
  • have a meeting / a conversation / an effect / access / experience
  • give advice / a presentation / permission / priority / notice
  • raise awareness / concerns / questions / issues

7 Vocabulary professionale e PA

Lessico amministrazione pubblica

ENIT
civil servant / public officialdipendente pubblico, funzionario
public administrationpubblica amministrazione
government agency / authorityente pubblico
regulation / regulatory frameworkregolamento / quadro normativo
procurement / public procurementcontratti pubblici / appalti
tender (call for tender)gara d'appalto
award (a contract)aggiudicare (un contratto)
complianceconformità (normativa)
auditverifica, ispezione contabile
budgetbilancio
expenditure / spendingspesa
revenueentrate
tax / taxation / taxpayertassa / tassazione / contribuente
stakeholderportatore di interesse
policypolitica (di settore), linea strategica
guidelineslinee guida
statementdichiarazione
deadlinescadenza
application / applicantdomanda / candidato
shortlistrosa di selezionati
appointmentnomina; appuntamento
dismissallicenziamento
whistleblowersegnalante (anticorruzione)
data subject / data controller / data processorinteressato / titolare / responsabile (GDPR)
infringementviolazione (normativa)

Formal vs informal register

InformalFormal (B1+ scrittura PA)
getreceive, obtain
buypurchase
startcommence, begin
end / finishconclude, terminate
tellinform, notify
askrequest, enquire
showdemonstrate, indicate
needrequire
helpassist
aboutregarding, concerning
buthowever, nevertheless
sotherefore, consequently

8 False friends e common mistakes B1

False friends classici

ENNON significaSignifica
actuallyattualmentein realtà
currentlycorrettamenteattualmente
eventuallyeventualmentealla fine
librarylibreria (negozio)biblioteca
bookshopbibliotecalibreria (negozio)
argumentargomento (tema)litigio, discussione
pretendpretenderefingere
sympatheticsimpaticocomprensivo, empatico
sensiblesensibilesensato, ragionevole
educatededucatoistruito, colto
politepoliticoeducato, cortese
factoryfattoriafabbrica
parentsparentigenitori
relativesrelativiparenti
magazinemagazzinorivista
delusiondelusioneillusione, falsa convinzione
annoyannoiareinfastidire
attendattenderepartecipare a, frequentare
resume (verb)riassumereriprendere
ultimateultimo (in tempo)definitivo, supremo

Errori grammaticali tipici dell'italofono B1

  • Information / advice / news / furniture sono uncountable: "an information" ❌ → "a piece of information" ✅
  • People è plurale: "people are" ✅, NON "people is"
  • Since vs For: since + punto temporale (since 2020); for + durata (for 5 years)
  • Make vs Do: make a decision (creare, produrre); do homework (eseguire un'attività)
  • To + verbo dopo: want, decide, hope, plan, expect, agree, refuse. -ing dopo: enjoy, finish, mind, suggest, avoid, look forward to
  • Will dopo "if/when" non si usa: "If it will rain" ❌ → "If it rains" ✅
  • I look forward to hearing from you (NON "to hear" — to qui è preposizione)

9 Reading comprehension B1 — strategie

I testi del livello B1 al concorso sono in genere e-mail formali, avvisi istituzionali, brevi articoli o regolamenti (200-300 parole). Le domande mirano a tre livelli:

  1. Comprensione letterale ("What time does the meeting start?") — facile, info esplicita
  2. Comprensione inferenziale ("What does the writer suggest?") — l'inferenza richiede di leggere fra le righe, è il vero salto B1
  3. Vocabulary in context ("What does the word X mean in this context?") — sinonimi, polisemia

Strategia in 5 passi

  1. Skim: lettura rapida (30 sec) per captare argomento generale, tono, struttura
  2. Leggi le domande: fissa cosa cercare
  3. Scan: lettura mirata per trovare le risposte (parole chiave)
  4. Ricontrolla il paragrafo specifico — non rispondere mai "a memoria"
  5. Distrattori: i distrattori riprendono parole del testo ma cambiano la relazione logica (causa/effetto invertita, negazione, sfumatura quantitativa)

Connettori da riconoscere (segnali logici)

  • Addizione: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides
  • Contrasto: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, despite, in spite of, whereas
  • Causa/effetto: therefore, consequently, as a result, due to, owing to, because of
  • Esemplificazione: for instance, for example, such as, namely
  • Conclusione: in conclusion, to sum up, overall, all in all
  • Sequenza: firstly, then, afterwards, finally, meanwhile

Particolare attenzione a despite / in spite of (seguiti da sostantivo o gerundio: despite the rain / despite raining) vs although / even though (seguiti da frase: although it was raining).

10 25 regole chiave da ricordare

#RegolaEsempio / Pattern
1Present Perfect = since/for/just/already/yet/ever/neverI have lived here for 5 years
2Past Simple = yesterday/ago/last/in 1990I went there yesterday
3Past Perfect per azione anteriore al passatoWhen I arrived, he had left
41st Conditional: If + present, will + verbIf it rains, I will stay
52nd Conditional: If + past, would + verbIf I were rich, I would travel
63rd Conditional: If + past perfect, would have + ppIf I had known, I would have come
7Wish + past simple = desiderio presenteI wish I had a car
8Wish + past perfect = rimpianto passatoI wish I had studied
9Passive: subject + be + past participleThe report is written
10Reported: backshift + no inversion in questionsHe asked if I was tired
11Must = obbligo / Mustn't = divietoYou must / mustn't
12Don't have to ≠ Mustn'tDon't have to = non obbligato
13Must have + pp = deduzione passataShe must have left
14Should have + pp = rimpianto/criticaYou should have called
15Can't have + pp = impossibilità passataHe can't have known
16Look forward to + ING (mai infinito)Look forward to hearing
17Despite/In spite of + noun/INGDespite the rain
18Although/Even though + clauseAlthough it was raining
19If + clause: NO will/would dopo ifIf it rains (not "will rain")
20People è plurale: people areNON "people is"
21Information/advice/news = uncountableSome information (no "an")
22Since + punto / For + durataSince 2020 / For 5 years
23Used to + base form = abitudine passataI used to smoke
24Be used to + ING = essere abituato aI am used to working late
25Get used to + ING = abituarsiI'm getting used to it

11 15 trabocchetti d'esame B1

#TrabocchettoRisposta corretta
1"I have seen him yesterday"FALSO — yesterday richiede Past Simple: "I saw him yesterday"
2"If I will have time, I will call you"FALSO — dopo if niente will: "If I have time..."
3"He suggested to go"FALSO — suggest + ING: "suggested going"
4"You don't have to smoke here" = vietatoFALSO — significa "non sei obbligato". Vietato = mustn't
5"I look forward to hear from you"FALSO — to qui è preposizione: "to hearing"
6"Despite it was raining"FALSO — despite + nome/ING: "Although it was raining" oppure "Despite the rain"
7"People is waiting"FALSO — people è plurale: "people are waiting"
8"I have lived here since 5 years"FALSO — durata = for: "for 5 years" / "since 2020"
9"He told that he was tired"FALSO — tell richiede oggetto: "told me that..." o "said that"
10"An information"FALSO — uncountable: "a piece of information" / "some information"
11"I'm used to wake up early"FALSO — be used to + ING: "used to waking up"
12"I wish I have more time"FALSO — wish + past simple: "I wish I had more time"
13"He asked was I tired"FALSO — reported question senza inversione: "asked if I was tired"
14"Actually, I am working" = al momentoFALSOactually = in realtà. Al momento = currently / at the moment
15"I must work yesterday" = obbligo passatoFALSO — must non ha passato: "I had to work yesterday"